|
PCC-CE204 |
Introduction
to Fluid Mechanics |
3L:0T:2P |
4
credits |
The objective of this
course is to introduce the concepts of fluid mechanics useful in Civil Engineering applications. The
course provides a first level exposure to the students to fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics. Measurement of pressure, computations of hydrostatic forces on structural components and the concepts of Buoyancy
all find useful applications in many engineering problems. A training to analyse engineering problems involving
fluids – such as
those dealing with pipe flow, open channel
flow, jets, turbines
and pumps, dams and spillways, culverts, river and groundwater
flow - with a mechanistic perspective is essential
for the civil engineering students. The topics included
in this course are aimed to prepare
a student to build a
good fundamental background useful in the application-intensive courses
covering hydraulics,
hydraulic machinery and hydrology in later
semesters.
Module 1: Basic
Concepts and Definitions – Distinction between a fluid and a solid;
Density, Specific weight,
Specific gravity, Kinematic and dynamic viscosity; variation of viscosity
with temperature, Newton law of viscosity; vapour pressure, boiling
point, cavitation; surface tension, capillarity, Bulk modulus
of elasticity, compressibility.
Module 2: Fluid Statics
- Fluid Pressure: Pressure at a point, Pascals
law, pressure variation with temperature, density and altitude. Piezometer, U-Tube Manometer, Single
Column Manometer, U-Tube
Differential Manometer, Micromanometers. pressure gauges, Hydrostatic pressure
and force: horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces. Buoyancy and stability of floating bodies.
Module 3:Fluid Kinematics- Classification of fluid flow : steady
and unsteady flow; uniform and non-uniform
flow; laminar and turbulent flow; rotational and irrotational flow;
compressible and incompressible flow; ideal and real fluid flow; one, two and three dimensional flows; Stream line, path line, streak
line and stream tube;
stream function, velocity
potential function. One-, two- and three -dimensional continuity equations in Cartesian coordinates
Module 4: Fluid Dynamics- Surface
and body forces;
Equations of motion - Euler’s
equation; Bernoulli’s equation – derivation; Energy
Principle; Practical applications of Bernoulli’s equation
: venturimeter, orifice meter and pitot tube; Momentum
principle; Forces exerted by fluid flow on pipe bend; Vortex Flow – Free and
Forced;
Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude - Definitions of
Reynolds Number, Froude Number, Mach Number, Weber Number and Euler Number; Buckingham’s π-Theorem.
Module5: Laminar Flow-Laminar flow through :circular pipes, annulus and parallel plates.
Stoke’s law, Measurement of viscosity
Module6: Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude: Dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh method, Buckingham’s Pi method and other methods.
Dimensionless groups. Similitude, Model studies, Types of models.
Application of dimensional analysis
and model
Studies to fluid flow problem. Dynamic Similitude- Definitions
of ReynoldsNumber, Froude Number, MachNumber, Weber Number and EulerNumber.
Module7:
Flow through Pipes:Loss of
head through pipes,Darcy-Wiesbatch equation, minor losses, total energy equation,
hydraulic gradient line,Pipes in series,
equivalent pipes, pipes
in parallel, flow through
laterals, flows in dead end pipes,
siphon, power transmission through pipes, nozzles. Analysis of pipe networks:
Hardy Cross method, water hammer in pipes
and control measures, branching of pipes, three reservoir problem
Module8:
Turbulent Flow- Reynolds experiment, Transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Definition of turbulence, scale and intensity, Causes
of turbulence, instability, mechanism of turbulence and effect of turbulent flow in
pipes. Reynolds stresses,
semi-empirical theories of turbulence,
Prandtl’s mixing length theory,
universal velocity distribution equation.
Resistance to flow of fluid in smooth and rough pipes,
Moody’s diagram
Lab Experiments
1.
Measurement of viscosity
2.
Study of Pressure
Measuring Devices
3.
Stability of Floating Body
4.
Hydrostatics Force on Flat Surfaces/Curved Surfaces
5.
Verification of Bernoulli’s Theorem
6.
Venturimeter
7.
Orifice meter
8.
Impacts of jets
9.
Flow Visualisation -Ideal
Flow
10.
Length of establishment of flow
11.
Velocity distribution in pipes
12.
Laminar Flow
Text/Reference Books:
1.
Fluid Mechanics
and Machinery, C. S. P. Ojha,
R. Berndtsson and P. N. Chadramouli, Oxford University
Press, 2010
2.
Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, P M Modi
and S M Seth, Standard
Book House
3.
Theory and Applications of Fluid Mechanics, K. Subramanya, Tata McGraw Hill
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